Get to know Newcastle disease which attacks poultry
Totelo disease or Newcastle Disease (ND) is a disease that most often attacks poultry in the respiratory tract, digestive tract and nervous system.
The losses caused by this disease are very fatal because there is very high mortality, decreased egg production and stunted growth.
This disease is caused by the ND Paramyxovirus virus, which is an SS-RNA virus that was first discovered in Indonesia by Kreneveld in 1926.
The clearest clinical picture is the discovery of chickens spinning around (torticollis) due to neurotropic properties and then the term "like crazy" (telo) emerged in Javanese.
Based on the level of malignancy, this disease is divided into 3 strains, namely:
- Velogenic strains cause mass deaths
- Mesogenic strains cause losses in the form of reduced egg quality and
- Lentogenic strains are not virulent and only cause mild respiratory problems so they are usually used as vaccines.
- The incubation period for this disease lasts 2 – 15 days but the average lasts 6 days. Chickens that have been infected will shed the ND virus 1 – 2 days after being infected.
The following are the clinical symptoms caused by ND disease:
- Respiratory problems accompanied by snoring, coughing and sneezing
- Mucus secretion from the trachea
- The chicken's body looks limp and lethargic
- Decreased appetite
- Egg productivity decreases in female chickens
- The stool is thinner and green
- The cornea of the eye looks cloudy
- Blue comb with wings down to touch the floor
- Typical symptoms of chickens include convulsions with the neck twisted downwards (torticollis)
Disease Similarities
This disease is often confused with other types of poultry diseases which have almost the same clinical symptoms including:
- Infectious bronchitis (IB)
- Infectious laryngo tracheitis (ILT)
- Mycoplasmosis
- Avian encephalitis (AE)
- Fowl plaque
- Infectious coryza
Specimen Collection and Diagnosis
Taking specimens in the form of swabs from the trachea or cloaca of chickens suspected of being infected with the ND virus and/or chicken brain and lungs into preservatives.
For the purposes of immunity, chicken serum is needed when sick, and pathology examinations are sent to the liver, brain, trachea, caeca tonsils and spleen.
Everything was taken and sent in cold and sterile form to the laboratory for further examination. Determining the diagnosis can be done as follows:
HA-HI test
Swab isolation in the form of trachea or cloaca, brain or lung is inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs (TAB) aged 9 – 11 days. Next, after incubation, a hemagglutination test (HA test) is carried out to see whether there is agglutination or not.
If positive, the agglutination inhibition (HI) test will be continued with serum immune to ND. If one is positive, it can be confirmed that the isolate examined is positive for ND.
Serology Test
The presence of antibodies in the body means that the HI test, serum neutralization (SN) test and ELISA test can be carried out. In the HI test, an animal is said to be immune if the antibody titer is ≥ 64, indicating that the animal is immune.
If it is less than that, revaccination needs to be done. A neutralization index of > 4 indicates the animal is immune to the disease, if < 2 serum is found.
Means it does not provide protection. Meanwhile, the ELISA test is said to be immune if the antibody titer is ≥ 2.290.
FAT Test
This test is carried out using the Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) test or using a rapid test to make it easier to determine the diagnosis.
Treatment
Until now, no treatment has been found to treat this disease. Efforts made to treat it are giving vitamins.
To stimulate appetite in the hope of increasing immunity against disease and administering antibiotics to prevent secondary infections.
Prevention
There is no treatment yet so preventive measures are an anticipatory step against this disease. The steps that need to be taken are:
Maintaining Chicken Comfort
The performance of chickens at 2 - 3 weeks of age is an important factor in obtaining optimal immunity and is a critical point in the transition from brooding to regulating the chicken's body temperature.
Which functions where there is a transition from passive immunity to active immunity. Minimize stress on chickens by:
- Maintain litter quality and ammonia levels in the cage
- Wider cage size
- Lower the chaff gradually
- Giving sorbitol as a supportive ingredient to increase basal metabolic rate and ACTH hormone
- Providing quality feed
Regular and Scheduled Vaccinations
The vaccination program that needs to be carried out to prevent ND disease in chickens is:
- Giving live ND using the spray method to provide a boost to the chicken's immunity
- Administering the full dose of ND Kill vaccination to provide protection against viral interference. Do not reduce the dose because the vaccine does not replicate in tissues
Do a live ND booster at the age of 14 – 16 days. You can use the Lasota type strain, followed by a second stage booster with the same type of strain for the ability to spread and bluff immunity.
Biosecurity and Sanitation Program
Another program that is important to implement is carrying out a sanitation program regarding the cleanliness of equipment, cages, the presence of dirt and diseases that can be caused by vector animals.
Limit cage visits by implementing strict biosecurity by implementing green, yellow and red zones. Spraying disinfectant on areas that have the potential to cause disease transmission.
That is information about Newcastle disease which attacks poultry animals. Hopefully the information provided is useful, PTD friends!
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