Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals (Animals with backbones)

Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals (Animals with backbones) - Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone, which is included in the subphylum Chordata which consists of 4 subphyla namely Hemichordata, Ucochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata.

Reproduction of vertebrate animals is done sexually, sex separated, external and internal fertilization, oviparous, ovoviiparous or viviparous. Vertebrates also consist of five classes, namely Amphibia, Aves, Mammals, Pisces and Reptiles.

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Characteristics of Vertebrates (Animals with backbones)

The following are the general characteristics of vertebrate animals, which can be seen based on their physiology and biology as follows:

• Has a single spine.
• Vertebrate animals have a clearly visible body segmentation.
• Vertebrates have complex organ systems.
• The brain in vertebrates is protected by a hard skull.
• Have endocrine glands.
• Has a full arrangement, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
• Has a neural cord tube located on the dorsal side of the notochord.
• The respiratory system uses humans, lungs and skin.
• It has a muscular system consisting of pairs of masses and a central nervous system located within the spine.
• There is a notochord, which is a gelatinous rod that can turn hard or stiff on the dorsan and only appears in some phases.
• Has a bilaterally symmetrical body shape, ie if the body is split it will show the same two symmetry.
• Vertebrate animals have a body temperature that is more stable or settled, and has a cold body temperature that is suitable for environmental conditions.
• It has two layers of skin, namely the epidermis and the dermis.
• Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, in which blood vessels only circulate through true blood vessels.
• Have active locomotion, such as fins, tail, legs or arms composed of muscles and bones.
• Vertebrates have a body cavity bounded by a cavity membrane (peritoneum).
• Vertebrates are unisexual animals, reproduce sexually.
• External or internal fertilization is oviparous (laying eggs), ovoviviparous (the embryo develops inside the egg, but the egg hatches inside the female parent's body) and viviparous (gives a child).
• Most have separate heads and bodies.
• Has a very varied size from small to large, depending on the class.

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Classification of Vertebrates (Animals with backbones)

The classification of vertebrate animals consists of Amphibia, Aves, Mammals and Pisces, which can be explained as follows:

1. Amphibia (Amfibi)

Amphibians are vertebrate animals that have two natures, namely land and water, cold blooded (cannot regulate their own body temperature) and breathe with lungs. Examples of amphibians, such as frogs, newts and salamanders.

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2. Aves (Birds)

Aves are vertebrate animals that can fly, although aves are called flying animals, there are several types of animals belonging to aves that cannot fly such as chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys.

3. Mammals (Mammals)

Mammals are vertebrate animals that have mammary glands that function to produce milk. These animals are generally warm-blooded and reproduce by mating. Examples of mammals, such as cows, sheep, horses, deer, elephants and so on.

4. Pisces (Fish)

Pisces are vertebrates that live in water, breathe with gills, move with fins and reproduce by laying eggs. Examples of pisces, such as catfish, arowana, guppies, tilapia, and others.

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5. Reptilia (Reptil)

Reptiles are vertebrates, have dry, scaly skin and generally breathe using lungs. Reptiles are also cold-blooded, because they take advantage of environmental conditions to regulate body temperature. Examples of reptiles, such as crocodiles, lizards, monitor lizards, turtles and so on.

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